GEOLOGY - GEOMORPHOLOGY [[ index ]] ** DR-KNOW \ IQ-2k


     < WEATHERING >               CHEMICAL WEATHERING        differential weathering   
       MECHANICAL WEATHERING      PHYSICAL WEATHERING        SPHEROIDAL WEATHERING
       
       abrasion                   carbination   
       frost wedging              Goldrich Stability Series  hydration                  
       hydrolysis                 ice wedging                oxidation

     < EROSION >                  BED LOAD                   CREEP
       DEBRIS FLOW                differential erosion       DISSOLVED LOAD             
       LAHAR                      landslide                  MASS WASTING               
       MUDFLOW                    ROCK GLACIER               ROCK SLIDE
       SALTATION                  SEDIMENT LOAD              shoreline erosion               
       SLUMPING                   SOLIFLUCTION



       ABRASION - is a form of physical weathering where rocks tumble over one another
          rounding corners from angular, to sub-rounded, to rounded ; 

       CARBINATION - the reaction of carbonate and bicarbonate ions with minerals. 
           Carbonation is especially active when the reaction environment is abundant with 
           carbon dioxide ; INDEX - goemorphology - weathering          

       CHEMICAL WEATHERING - The process that changes the chemical makeup of a rock or 
           mineral at or near the Earth’s surface ; INDEX - goemorphology 

       CREEP - slow dowhill movement of regolith due to seasonal expansion and 
            contraction that results from freeze / thaw and wet / dry cycles ; 
            S.A: mass wasting ;
            
       DIFFERENTIAL EROSION - variable rates of rock weathering associated with 
           resistance of rock to weathering. While softer are eroded and carried away, 
           harder and more resistant rocks remain to form ridges, hills, or mountains ;
           SYN. DIFFERENTIAL WEATHERING

       DISSOLVED LOAD - a significant portion of the total stream load where chemically 
           dissolved sediment combines with bed load & sediment load within a stream ; 
           INDEX - geomorphology - erosion
           
       DISSOLUTION - the hydrolysis of limestone and rocks high in salt ; S.A: hydrolysis ; 

       FROST WEDGING - a form of physical weathering that breaks rocks by liquid water  
           freezing within a pore space and exerting an outward force ; SYN. ICE WEDGING

       EROSION - sediment transport by wind, water, glaciers, or gravity ; S.A: mass 
           wasting / landslide ;

       HYDRATION - an inorganic chemical reaction where the rigid attachment of H+ and 
           OH- ions to a reacted compound. In many situations the H and OH ions become 
           a structural part of the crystal lattice of the mineral ; 

       HYDROLYSIS - the reaction between mineral ions and the ions of water (OH- and H+).
           Its the primary method of weathering silicate and alumino-silicate minerals 
           because of their electrically charged crystal surfaces ; S.A: DISSOLUTION ;

       OXIDATION - a form of chemical weathering where oxygen reacts with other 
           elements in the rock ; INDEX - goemorphology - weathering

       PHYSICAL WEATHERING - a process that break rocks without changing its chemical 
           compostion ; SYN. MECHANICAL WEATHERING 

       ROCK GLACIER - a mass wasting erosion process similar to glacial erosion except
           the ratio of ice and rock are reversed ;
           
       SALTATION - a sediment transport process that moves large material by a hoping or
           bouncing motion ; S.A: traction ;
           
       SALT CRYSTALLIZATION - a form of physical weathering similar to frost wedging. 
           This type of weathering occurs when salt water penetrates rock pores and 
           generates salt crystals as the water evaporates. The crystal growth produces
           an outward force ;

       SLUMPING - a type of mass wasting erosion often called a slope failure ;

       SOLIFLUCTION - similar to creep, this form of mass wasting occurs when water 
           saturated soil, like thawing permafrost, slowly moves downhill to create 
           distinctive features called solifluction lobes ; 

       SPHEROIDAL WEATHERING - a type of chemical weathering that rounds off angluar
            rock surfaces due to the larger surface areas ;
            
       STREAM LOAD - the solid matter carried by a stream as bed shear stresses increase
            to remove material from the stream bed ; INDEX - goemorphology - erosion

       TRACTION - a sediment transport process that moves large material by rolling
           or sliding across the bottom of a river or stream bringing interaction with 
           the sbustratum ; S.A. saltation ; INDEX - goemorphology - erosion



      QUARTZ (chemical weathering) - quartz grains + silica solution
      
      FELDSPAR (chemical weathering) - clay minerals + mineral solution
   
      GRANITE (chemical weathering)
      -----------------------------
      anorthite   + water + CO2 = KAOLINITE + calcium bicarbonate
      orthoclast  + water + CO2 = KAOLINITE + potassium bicarbonate
      albite      + water + CO2 = KAOLINITE + sodium bicarbonate






       LANDFORM - MOUNTAIN CHAIN
       
       Mid-Atlantic  10,000 mi : 16,000 km
       
       Andes          4,500 mi : 7,242 km   FOLD         25 MYA
       Rocky's        3,000 mi : 4,800 km   FOLD        300 MYA - core 1-B
       Ural           1,570 mi :            FOLD        300 MYA 
       Himalya's      1,400 mi : 2,300 km   FOLD         50 MYA
       Alp's            500 mi :   800 km   FOLD         65 MYA
       Sierra Neveda    400 mi :   650 km   FAULT-BLOCK  40 MYA    
     
       Cascade          700 mi : 1,100 km   FOLD         37 MYA - north 400 MYA
     
       Appalachian's  2,200 mi : 3,500 km   FOLD        480 MYA